Controlling illegal or overuse of biological resources. Eradicating or controlling invasive alien species that negatively impact local biodiversity. To assess impacts related to biodiversity conservation and livelihood improvement outcomes of the LBSAP, we used a multi-pronged approach to collect relevant information.
This information was integrated and sequenced to enhance understanding of the impact situation of the project area at a two-year interval i. In , a detailed household survey of households was conducted including focus group discussions FGDs and key informant interview KII surveys. Quantitative information was mainly collected from household surveys, and qualitative information was collected through FGDs and KII surveys.
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Some of the questions included issues such as change in medicinal plant conservation and income, impacts on agriculture and forest resources, challenges faced, fear for the future concerning loss of biodiversity, and perceived benefits from domestication, as well as future plans of action.
At an altitudinal range of metres, Syafru VDC has a temperate climate in the upper hills and a subtropical to sub-temperate climate in the lower foot hills. A total of households HHs reside here with the majority being Tamang , with some Sherpa and Dalit people. Men have a slightly higher population than women, 1, and 1, respectively. Major occupations are hotel business and agriculture. Pine and Rhododendron constitute the major forest types and agriculture is dominated by barley, millet, buckwheat, potato and maize.
The cultivation of non-timber forest products NTFP , especially Swertia chirayita, Paris polyphylla and Valeriana jatamansi, began a decade ago. Non-timber forest products NTFP , including MAPs are at risk of theft from common lands, particularly the national park and community forest due to their high economic value. According to local traders, every year the complaints of theft have risen.
Despite the initiation of domestication of MAPs over a period of five years to period, the MAP sub-sector supported only the self-reliance of local people.
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There was no marketing of MAPs. The seeds and seedlings were bought from outisde. The area was fragile and degraded. The cultivation of cereal crops was almost impossible. The project to develop and implement the LBSAP has made a significant contribution to the production and distribution of seeds and seedling of MAPs in the project area and has had a spillover effect beyond the project area. The number of home nurseries increased from 73 in to , almost double, in Table 4. On average, these farm households produced 10, seedlings in and 19, seedlings per household in Table 4 , which is a significant contribution of the project in the promotion of medicinal plants on private lands.
Table 4. Annually the project farmers produced 6. Additionally, the trained farmers and other individual farmers have also learned from the project and established home nurseries, which are believed to have increased conservation efforts by the farmers. The project has made a significant contribution to enhancing the technical and managerial capacity of farmers in the management of community forest MAP resources and livelihood improvement. This has enhanced the skills and knowledge of farmers. According to project staff and available reports during the final assessment, eight slots of MAP nursery management, cultivation and harvesting trainings were organised for about famers from to , and farmers in and Altogether 14 farmer groups per site were formed during the entire project period.
About half of the members in farmer groups were female. While women were initially more reluctant to participate in the consultations, they became equally involved in project implementation, particularly as a result of their engagement in the documentation of biodiversity resources.
An authorised executive committee comprising seven to eleven members with a chairperson, secretary, treasurer and other members was formed in each group with active participation and consensus of all stakeholder farmers. The majority of farmers organised into groups were from marginalised ethnic groups including Tamang and Sherpa. An average of 22 households were organised into each group with a good mix of male and female headed households.
The group members were trained on group dynamics, group functioning, coordination and domestication of MAP in their farmlands. These groups have formed a network of their own and are already registered into a cooperative per village. They are running saving credit programmes and marketing agricultural and forest products, particularly MAPs.
As a result of both the LBSAP development and implementation process and economic incentives from selling MAPs, a better sense of coordination and institutionalisation was observed among the users forming a good network in order to market the products and fetch more profit.
The MAP federation has done risk and uncertainties analysis of their products and started addressing the risk. For instance, before the LBSAP was prepared, there were very few traders, and farmers had to depend on them to sell their products. Previously these benefits were diverted to a middle man. Every decision is well recorded and endorsed in the presence of members and according to formal structures. All the farmers benefit equally because they have an equal share in the group. Figure 3. Many medicinal plants are found in one terrace riser. FGD held in Syafru and Ramche VDCs revealed that the LBSAP implementation has significantly contributed to the increase of medicinal plant diversity in forests and farms, particularly on medicinal plant species such as Swertia chirayita Chiraito , Valeriana jatamansi Sugandhawal and Rheum australe Padamchal , Berginia ciliata Pasanved and Paris polyphylla Satuwa , but also fodder and grasses Leucaena diversifolia , Flemingia congesta, rai grass, cocks food , fruits, and other trees e.
Swertia chirayita production is one of the main income generating activities IGAs of the farmers in the study area. Table 5 demonstrates that due to private land plantation, many species have been protected in community forests and national park areas. People have gradually become motivated to cultivate MAPs in their private farmlands as an integral part of the farming system. Small changes in land use patterns have been observed among the project beneficiaries.
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Average land holding size of the project beneficiaries, including all types of land, was This is attributed to the fact that farmers introduced wild MAP species in their barren and marginal land for increased production of MAP. Figure 4. Except for large animals buffalo and cattle , there has been a decrease in other herd sizes in the last two-year period. It is interesting to note that the overall livestock number per household remained the same Table 7.
The herd size of buffalo has increased for milk production and sale along the Kathmandu-Dhunche transportation route. As the overall livestock number has not changed, impacts on the vegetation and overall biodiversity of the farmland, buffer zone and national park area are limited. Table 7. Change in livestock herd size before and after the project Source: Household survey and In , ten percent of farm households could support food for only three months from their own products, a figure that declined to six percent in Table 8.
Similarly, 65 percent of farm households had food sufficiency for six months in , while this share declined to 61 percent in More importantly, 25 percent of farm households in had food sufficiency for six months, a share which increased to 33 percent in Table 8. Similarly, a significant change was observed in sources of income to complement the food deficit among the project beneficiaries; more than half of the farming households have changed their sources of income to reduce the food deficit Table 9. Farmers reported that dependency on wage labour and working for tourists declined marginally, as household income was complemented by MAP and livestock income significantly.
Farmers reported that the income from MAP and sale of livestock products has reduced the frequency of borrowing loans from relatives or neighbors and wage labour in The study revealed that average household income increased from NPR , in to , at current price Table 9. Other jobs, pensions, tourism, livestock and forest product income have also contributed to household economy. The increase in MAP income is attributed to the domestication of high value medicinal plants in private farmlands. This has reduced dependency on forests for collection of MAPs, which represents a mere one percent increase in Table 9.
It was observed that many rural households of the study area had migrated from their village due to fear of declining productivity two to three years ago.
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